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Yayın 1995-2011 döneminde Avrasya ekonomilerine yapılan doğrudan yabancı yatırımların (DYY) dünya trendi ile karşılaştırılması(2013) Tuzla, Hayri; Teker, SuatKüreselleşen ve gün geçtikçe sınırların azaldığı dünyamızda doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları, başta ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik olmak üzere, ülkelerin birçok farklı makro verisini etkilemektedir. Mevcut araştırmalar, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının ekonomik büyümeyi etkilemesi yönünde güçlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu desteklemektedir. Ekonomik büyümenin doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarınıetkilemesi yönünde ise, daha zayıf bir pozitif nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Böylece, ekonomik büyümenin bir sonucu olarak, işsizlik oranlarında bir azalma beklenebilir. Bu çalışma, yedi Avrasya ülkesinin (Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Tacikistan, Türkiye, Türkmenistan ve Özbekistan) 1995 yılından 2011'e kadar çekmiş olduğu doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları trendini, hem bu ülkeler arasında hem de dünya trendi ile karşılaştırmaktadır.Yayın 5G and banking(PressAcademia, 2021-12-31) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Orman, IrmakPurpose- Technological developments in mobile telecommunications have evolved immensely after the transition from analog technologies that were widely used in 1980s to digital technologies connecting to globe with wireless cellular technologies. This study intends to review telecommunication technologies starting 1970s (1G technology) through 2020s (5G technology) and analyze the expected effects of 5G technology on the future of banking sector. In addition, it is envisioned how 5G technology will shape the future of the banking industry. Methodology- The study is conducted by having a comparative review of digital technology developments in the last 50 yearsThis study examines the effects of developments in communication technologies on the banking sector and banking services. The research design of this study is the relationship between the advancements in telecommunication technologies and the future of banking sector. The following section cover the comparison of 1G-2G-3G-4G-5G Technologies. Findings- 5G banking featuring video communication, data protection and digital wallets will create a permanent shift for banking customers and their habits. Globally, bank customers are adopting to digital apps as their primary touchpoint for their banks and this transformation will change the structure of bank branches as well as financial services industry. As a result of the analysis, it has been observed that an important innovation and structural transformation period has been entered in the banking sector with the use of 3G and 4G compared to the year before 2000, which we define as traditional banking era. Conclusion- With the wide use of 5G technology after year 2022, the banking sector is expected to enter a new and disruptive restructuring and service innovation. 5G is expected to carry the banking industry to another level where automation and machine-to-machine communication act as a game changer.Yayın 5G technology and future of banking(The Brooklyn Research and Publishing Institute, 2021-12) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Orman, IrmakThis study examines the effects ofdevelopments in communication technologies on the banking sector and banking services. In addition, it is envisioned how 5G technology will shape the future of the banking industry. As a result of the analysis, it has been observed that an important innovation and structural transformation period was lived in the banking sector with the use of 3G and before 2000, which we define as traditional banking era. It is concluded that with the expected wide use of 5G technology after year 2022, the banking sector is expected to enter a new and disruptive restructuring and service innovation.Yayın Adaptation of the businesses not to fall behind in the new normal period(PressAcademia, 2020-07-30) Şerifsoy, Anıl; Teker, SuatPurpose - This paper aims to be an exploratory study that ascertains the impacts of COVID-19 on business life and ushers further research on the subject. Methodology - Internet-based research is conducted to collect the fundamental information on the impacts of COVID-19 on business life as secondary data. Findings- It is imminently possible that COVID-19 will be a milestone in business life due to changing many things; such as working conditions, working hours, working locations, brand strategy, innovation involvement and even changing the product itself. Conclusion- This article is intended to be one of the first steps of a guide for the business owners to take appropriate action and adapt to the new normal in the future not to fall behind in the harsh conditions of the demanding markets.Yayın Backcasting Bitcoin prices: implementation with ARCH & GARCH models(International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2024-12) Teker, Dilek; Teker, Suat; Demirel Gümüştepe, EsinBitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency, has gained popularity among investors for several reasons. Its potential for high returns makes it attractive to those seeking alternatives to traditional investments. Bitcoin's volatility provides both risk and reward, drawing in speculative investors. Moreover, Bitcoin operates independently of central banks or governments, appealing to those wary of inflation and economic instability. As more businesses and financial institutions adopt Bitcoin as an investment tool and a medium of exchange, its appeal continues to grow. For institutional investors, Bitcoin offers a way to diversify portfolios amid low interest rates and geopolitical uncertainty. However, the volatility in Bitcoin markets tends to be a risk exposure, so developing models to understand Bitcoin fluctuations is crucial to determining more about market behavior. Accurate financial models help predict price movements, manage risk, and identify macroeconomic correlations. Given its complexity, these models are essential for long-term investors to navigate volatility and optimize their investment strategies. This research employs ARCH and GARCH models to forecast Bitcoin volatility. The outputs indicate that ARIMA is the best fit model that explains Bitcoin’s price fluctuations in the selected data period.Yayın Backcasting Bitcoin volatility: ARCH and GARCH approaches(Suat Teker, 2024-12-31) Teker, Dilek; Teker, Suat; Demirel Gümüştepe, EsinPurpose- The primary purpose of this study is to model Bitcoin price volatility and forecast its future price returns using advanced econometric models such as ARCH and GARCH. The study aims to enhance risk management strategies and support informed investment decisions by addressing the time-varying nature of Bitcoin’s volatility. The research explores the persistence of volatility shocks and the clustering of price movements to provide insights into market dynamics. Methodology- This research examines daily Bitcoin closing prices over the period from January 2020 to October 2024. The data was preprocessed to ensure reliability, including applying logarithmic transformations to standardize the data and eliminate trends. Stationarity tests, such as the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), and KPSS tests, were conducted to confirm the series' stationarity. The ARCH-LM test was utilized to detect volatility clustering which is essential for validating the use of ARCH and GARCH models. Following this, ARIMA models were employed to define mean equations and GARCH models were used to estimate conditional variance and capture volatility dynamics. The dataset was split into training and validation subsets with data from July to October 2024 reserved for validation. Findings- The findings demonstrate that Bitcoin’s price movements exhibit significant volatility clustering and persistence of shocks which are key characteristics effectively captured by ARCH and GARCH models. These models provide valuable insights into the volatility patterns of Bitcoin, supporting their application in cryptocurrency analysis. Despite their robustness, the models face limitations in precise return forecasting during highly volatile periods, suggesting the need for further refinement or integration with advanced approaches. Conclusion- The research concludes that ARCH and GARCH models are effective tools for understanding and forecasting Bitcoin’s volatility. The study underscores the importance of acknowledging volatility persistence and clustering effects when analyzing cryptocurrency price behavior. However, it also highlights areas for improvement in econometric modelling by including the exploration of hybrid models and the integration of macroeconomic factors to enhance forecasting accuracy.Yayın Belediyelerde iç kontrol sisteminin stratejik yönetime etkisi üzerine bir inceleme(PressAcademia, 2020-07-30) Yüksel, Mihriban; Teker, SuatAmaç- Türkiye’de 5018 sayılı Kamu Mali Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanununun (KMYKK) yürürlüğe girmesiyle eski kanunun aksine birçok yeni düzenleme getirilmiştir. Uluslararası Standartlar ve Avrupa Birliği kontrol mekanizmasına uygun bir iç kontrol sistemi oluşturulmaya başlanmıştır. Bu araştırma, belediyelerde meydana gelebilecek usulsüzlük ve yolsuzluk gibi olumsuz olayları engellemek ve finansal ve finansal olmayan her türlü işlemin kontrolünü sağlayarak iç kontrol sisteminin stratejik yönetim üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymak ama cıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem- İstanbulda yer alan 21 ilçe belediyesine ait iç kontrol eylem planları ve stratejik yönetimin temel unsuru olan stratejik planları mevzuat hükümleri ve başlıca yönetişim ilkeleri olan hesap verebilirlik, katılımcılık, açıklık ve etkinlik kriterlerine uygunluğu incelenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde dörtlü likert ölçek kullanılmış ve yorumlayıcı bir yöntemle değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Bulgular- Araştırma kapsamında iç kontrolün etkinliğine yönelik gerekli eylemlerin belirlendiği ancak kurumsal risk çalışmalarının yetersiz olduğu, iç kontrolün izleme bileşenine daha çok önem verilmesi gerektiği dolayısıyla stratejik yönetime etkisinin yüksek önemde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç- Belediyelerde iç kontrol sisteminin, bir yönetim modeli olarak üst yönetici tarafından kurgulanması ve iç kontrolün 5 bileşenin koordineli bir şekilde yürütülmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca stratejik yönetimin bir gereği olarak iç kontrol standartları kapsamında kurumsal risk çalışmaları, prosedürlerin belirlenip kurumsal raporların yayınlanması, ön mali kontrol çalışmalarının yapılması ve kurumda iç denetçilerin çalıştırılması hususlarına önem verilmelidir. Bu sayede stratejik yönetim üzerinde güçlü bir etkisi olacaktır.Yayın Bookkeping approaches for crypto currencies(PressAcademia, 2021-07-30) Teker, Suat; Ergül, YağmurPurpose- In the New World order, we are experiencing a period in which we meet cryptocurrencies that are physically non-existent and can be transferred without public control, without the need for intermediaries. Everything that has financial value in essence is the subject of accounting. Since crypto currencies also have a financial value, they must be recorded, accounted and taxed. This study examines how crypto assets can be defined and reflected in accounting records in accordance with the definitions. Methodology- Since the concept of crypto money has started to enter commercial life in recent years, the literature resources are very limited, and there are many issues that have not yet become certain in terms of legislation, the approaches developed for the accounting of crypto currencies in this study are a suggestion. Findings- In the analysis made on the basis of current literature reviews, crypto currencies can be defined as money, other liquid assets, marketable securities, inventory or other intangible assets. The accounting transactions in accordance with these definitions are explained with the help of a hypothetical example. Conclusion- The opinion is that it would be appropriate to define crypto currencies as marketable securities in line with today's intensive usage area and acquisition purpose.Yayın Causal relations among macroeconomic variables under various exchange rate levels: an implementation of threshold vector autoregression model(EconJournals, 2018-07-04) Teker, Dilek; Teker, Suat; Aykaç, Alp, ElçinThe paper examines interaction between selected macroeconomic determinants such as exchange rates, stock exchange market indexes, gold prices, money supply and inflation rates. Considering a nonlinear relationships in various macroeconomic indicators, a threshold vector autoregression (AVR) model is implemented. The data covers a period from 2003:01 to 2017:07. The results of the analysis points out the relationship between those macroeconomic indicators above and below the specific threshold value for exchange rate. The estimations indicate that policy maker may use monetary variables as policy variable for the stability of this system if they do not ignore the level of exchange rate.Yayın A comparative study for appoinment procedures of university presidents(European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2013-11) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Sayan, PınarThe administration structure plays a central role in the development of a university, both academically and administratively, and both for attracting qualified academic staff and students. The role of presidents (chancellors/ rectors) and their selection procedures are crucial in the organizational structur e of a university. Considering that selection processes provide critical clues about the democratic culture of institutions in the name of representativeness, accountability, transparency, and participation; the issue demands more attention since these values should constitute the fundamental basis of all universities. This study deals with this important aspect of the administration structure and aims to explore the selection procedures of university presidents in the United States and the United Kingdom, and then compare these procedures with the ones in Turkey, underlying the similarities and differences.Yayın Determinants of Bitcoin price movements(Suat Teker, 2024-07-30) Teker, Dilek; Teker, Suat; Demirel, EsinPurpose- Investors want to include Bitcoin in their portfolios due to its high returns. However, high returns also come with high risks. For this reason, the volatility prediction of Bitcoin prices is the focus of attention of investors. Because Bitcoin's volatility is used as an important input in portfolio selection and risk management. This means that the models to be used in predicting Bitcoin volatility increases the importance of performance. In this research; A comparative examination of the models applied for Bitcoin shows an effective performance in volatility prediction. It is very important for evaluation. The aim of this study is to model Bitcoin price returns and to examine future return predictions and return directions using historical Bitcoin prices. Methodology- Many models have been used in studies on financial instruments and price predictions. Models such as linear and nonlinear regression, Random Walk Model, GARCH and ARIMA fall into this category. Nonlinear econometric models such as ARCH and GARCH are used for financial time series with variable volatility. These models assume that the variance is not constant. In this study, first Bitcoin price returns for the period between January 2020 and December 2023 will be modeled with the GARCH model, and then the ARCH-GARCH models will be used for future prediction of returns for the period between January 2024 and June 2024. Finally, the actual values will be compared with the forecasted values. In other words, the primary aim of this study is to use the daily Bitcoin closing price between May 2020 and December 2023 to estimate the returns for the periods of 2024 and compare it with the actual returns. Findings- The analysis reveals that GARCH Model results showed that in the mean and variance equations, it is seen that all variables are except intercept of the mean equation significant according to the error level of 0.05. Namely, the reaction and persistence parameters are significant accourding to 0.05 in the variance equation. Both the coefficient of the reaction parameter and the coefficient of the persistent parameter are higher than zero (positive). Also, the coefficient of the reaction parameter plus the coefficient of the persistent parameter approximately equals 0.72. That is, it is lower than 1 and higher than zero (positive). The level of persistence is not too high. So, we do not think about non-stationary variance in the model. Reaction parameter’s coefficient is 0.13. And persistence parameter’s coefficient is 0.58. As we can see, persistent parameter is much higher than reaction parameter. That is, when there is a new shock that creates the persistent parameter, that shock will be in effect for a long time, it will not disappear immediately. That is, a significant part of the shock that occurs in one period flows into the next period. After determining the appropriate mean and variance models, a forecast is made using Automatic ARIMA forecasting for BITCOIN return forecasting. This forecast is made for the first five months of 2024, without adding the actual values of the first five months of 2024 to the data. The program ranks the most appropriate model. The program chose GARCH(3,3) as the most appropriate model in "bitcoin return prediction". Conclusion- The results of the test applied in the study can be summarized that the unit root test results showed that it was necessary to work with return series. GARCH(1,1) model results show when there is a new shock that creates the persistent parameter, that shock will be in effect for a long time, it will not disappear immediately. That is, a significant part of the shock that occurs in one period flows into the next period. According to GARCH automatic forecasting results, the best GARCH model that models Bitcoin return is the GARCH(3,3) model. According to these model results, although the slopes of the actual and forecasted return series move in the same direction, the model remains weak for forecasting. In future studies, it may be recommended to estimate Bitcoin returns with non-linear models.Yayın Determinants of cryptocurrency price movements(Higher Education and Innovation Group (HEAIG), 2019-11) Teker, Dilek; Teker, Suat; Özyeşil, MustafaCryptocurrency is a recent and popular topic that attracts the interest of investors and fund managers. Beyond the market discipline, researchers question the interaction between cryptocurrecies and macroeconomic variables. This study we focus on how the changes in gold and oil prices effect the daily price movements of different cryptocurrencies. The daily database includes prices of the cryptocurrencies of Bitcoin, Tether, Ethereum Litecon and EOS for the period between August 1, 2017 and April 3, 2019. Initially the stationarity of the series is tested by Ng and Perron (2001) method. The existence of the cointegration relationship between the series is tested by Johansen (1988) technique. The presence of causality relationships between the series is investigated with the Dolado and Lütkepohl (1996) causality test. The paper explains the details of the empirical findings.Yayın Development of e-commerce in Turkiye: post COVID-19 era(IJOPEC, 2024-11) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Orman, Irmak; Şimşek, Sidar Atalay; Puwanendram, Gayathri; Şiriner, İsmailThe COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed a significant transformation in consumer behavior, accelerating the adoption of e-commerce worldwide. This study focuses on the development and growth of e-commerce in Türkiye during the post-COVID-19 era, examining the sector's expansion from 2020 onwards. Key factors contributing to this growth include increased internet and smartphone penetration, advancements in digital payment systems, and heightened consumer reliance on online shopping duringlockdowns. The analysis highlights how these shifts have not only enhanced domestic retail e-commerce but also positioned Türkiye as a rapidly growing e-commerce market globally, with a projected compound annual growth rate of 11.6% between 2024 and 2029. Additionally, the article explores opportunities for Turkish businesses to leverage cross-border e-commerce for international market expansion, emphasizing the strategic role of digitalization, logistics improvements, and government incentives. By presenting key data and trends, the study underscores Türkiye’s potential to strengthen its presence in global trade through e-commerce, driving economic growth and fostering innovation in its digital economy.Yayın Digital era for universities: soon or far(PressAcademia, 2023-07-30) Eşkinat, Ali; Teker, SuatPurpose- Over the Covid-19 crises, most universities keep increasing the use of hybrid model at various levels in all disciplines in their education system forced by the market demand. This paper reviews the evolution of university generations from university 1.0 to university 4.0 using a historical point of view. This paper intends to clarify whether digital era for universities, namely University 5.0, is soon or far advocating that a large number of completely digital universities may breakout and reach everywhere in the world with no barriers of language, time and locations, and competing with local and traditional universities in all sense after year 2030. Methodology- The study employs an online survey via convenience sampling based on quantitative research method. Employers/Managers, Academics and formal University Students were selected as three target population group located all around Turkiye. The aim was to test the 5 hypotheses of this study to clarify the time of digital era for universities. Findings- The analysis reveals that the 5 hypotheses are accepted and seen as valid. The empirical results show a significant difference between the gender variable and the importance given to digital education. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of the significance of digitalization and the importance given to digital education based on education level variable. Then, there were differences in the significance of digitalization and the importance given to digital education concerning the social status variable in the collected data. Notably, a linear and significant relationship was revealed between the importance given to digital education by participants and the importance they attributed to digitalization. Furthermore, a linear and significant relationship was found between the importance given to digital education and the importance given to university education. Under these circumstances, the results reveal that digital education is concerned as a fact of digital era and higher education institutions are not immune of this transformation. Conclusion- Based upon the analysis, it can be concluded that the traditional university system will be evolved into a digital university system in a not-too-distant future. In other words, traditional prestigious universities are expected to continue whereas digital universities appear as destructive competitors. For this reason, it may be argued that universities will increase to provide hybrid model education depending on the market demand until 2030, whereby it will be applied at different rates in education disciplines, such as of medicine, engineering, social sciences and many others. After 2030 traditional universities will continue to use blended learning whereas digital higher education institutions will start their inevitable growth.Yayın Digital payment systems: a future outlook(PressAcademia, 2022-07-30) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Orman, IrmakPurpose- This study examines the development of digital payment systems with the evolution of communication technologies, financial institutions and fintech companies. Also, this study analyzes the expected effects of developing payment systems and fintech applications. Methodology- The study defines different types of digital payment systems, compares general characteristics of digital payments, provides a timeline of developments for digital payment systems and compares most used digital payment applications. Findings- The payments market is changing in line with consumer behavior. Cashless economies, mobile banking, instant payments, digital commerce, and the growing impact of regulatory agencies are a few trends affecting the payments market. Contactless payments also make the payment process easier and more convenient for consumers who benefit from shorter lines, cash-on-hand issue elimination, and faster moving queues.The Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to witness significant growth in the market such as China and India. Digital and mobile wallets account for 58% of regional e-commerce payments in the region and are expected to reach 68.2% by 2023. The e-commerce sector is witnessing a spike in demand as consumers order essential items such as food and clothes through e-commerce websites, where most consumers prefer the digital mode of payment.Transition towards the cashless economy, emergence of new online financial institutions, a decentralized monetary governance with the adoption of blockchain and cryptocurrencies are envisioned. Advancements in payment technologies as well as digital payment systems adoption will create momentum and create further investments towards digitalization of monetary exchange. Conclusion- It is concluded that evolution of digital payment systems will extend convenience, return, convergence, cross-border and timelimitless transaction. Inclusion of the unbanked is expected to drive growth and create new opportunities. There is a clear transition towards a cashless economy with the increasing adoption of digital payment systems by all spenders. Speed, privacy, convenience, security and decentralization will mean a wider inclusion for all global citizens; even including some unbanked population. Decentralization and blockchain will mean a blur in distribution of wealth, some money leaving the traditional banking systems. Digital payment systems provide a wide range of transaction options to its users; swiped credit cards, electronic checks, mobile wallets and contactless payment. By 2050s, the circulation of physical money is expected to vanish, leaving its place to virtual currencies changed on digital platforms.Yayın Digital transformation and universities(PressAcademia, 2022-07-30) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Tavman, Emine BaşakPurpose- This study aims to examine how digitalization has affected and changed higher education. It focuses on the current situation of universities and their current processes and what they need to do to become digital. It aims to present a roadmap for universities to integrate and organize these important changes into their strategies by examining the digital transformation that affects the vision of universities. Methodology- The study employs a literature review using secondary data analysis. Findings- The analysis reveals that the role of universities in many aspects such as society and economy has changed and is expected to change disruptively over the next decade. Universities need to make a differentiation through emerging business models in such a competitive higher education sector. Higher education institutions have to adapt to technological changes for sustainabilty. The pandemic dramatically accelerated the pace of technological adoption worldwide. The drivers of digital transformation in universiteis can be summarized as the increase compteteiveness, user experience and agility while reduction in operating expenses. Conclusion- It may be concluded that a university should be part of present technological trends and include digitalization in their strategies to be competitive in the future. Universities need to focus mainly on exploring more innovative measures to create technology development centres through research to deal with skills shortages. Universities should support those academics who lead the improvement of digital skills and innovative teaching methods, promote digital literacy in the academia and encourage the use of learning platforms. It is important to set a clear policy to adopt digital age in higher education. Universities will be competing globally for students, academic staff and funding. Adoption and implementation of new technologies in universities are inevitable.Yayın Digital transformation in businesses: the process and its outcomes(PressAcademia, 2022-07-30) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Örendil, EmrePurpose- The purpose of this study is to serve as an extensive outlook about digital transformation. Its content comprises the elements of digital transformation, the ways of adapting to digital transformation, reasons for failure, means of digital transformation, and insights and discussions on new business environment. Methodology- In this study, a comprehensive literature review is followed to learn about the current business circumstances regarding digital transformation and have a deep understanding on the previous studies conducted about digital transformation. Findings- The literature review reveals that digital transformation has provided positive impract on businesses at different levels. Although challenges against digital transformation may arise, they can be tackled if the nature of digital transformation is understood well. The success of digital transformation is dependent on numerous factors from different aspect which should be studied carefully before and during the adoption of digital transformation. Conclusion- It may be concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the digital agenda of businesses. At first, it should be understood that digital transformation is not a mere upgrade of technology or technical equipment within an organization but requires time, curiosity, creativity, recognition of opportunities, and cultural transformation. A successful adoption of digital transformation requires the recognition of means of digital transformation, the steps for adaptation to digital transformation, the analysis of failure, the outcomes of digital transformation. The recent evolutions related to digital transformation is evident in different aspects of business. The most recent observed changes in businesses are required skills of employees, organisational culture, business models, and customer relationship management practices.Yayın Dolaylı vergilerin Türk vergi sistemindeki yeri ve gelişimi(PressAcademia, 2019-07-30) Bal, Barış; Teker, SuatAmaç- Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk vergi sisteminde dolaylı vergilerin konumunu belirlemektir. Dolaylı vergilerin toplam vergi gelirleri içindeki belirlerken, çeşitli ülkelerle karşılaştırmalar yapılmış ve dolaylı vergilerin diğer ülkelerdeki uygulama şekilleri gözden geçirilmiştir. Yöntem- Araştırmada dolaylı vergilerle ilgili istatistiki verilerden yararlanılarak, sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca toplanan vergilerin kullanılma alanları da araştırılmıştır. Bulgular- İstatistiki veriler resmi kurumların paylaşımlarından ve web sitelerinden elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin karşılaştırılmasıyla, anlamlı sonuçlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç- Yapılan araştırma sonucunda, Türkiye’de dolaylı vergilerin çok yoğun bir şekilde kullanıldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Diğer gelişmiş ülkelerle karşılaştırıldığında, bu yoğunluğun kademli olarak azaltılması ve dolaylı vergilerin bireyler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinden arındırılması önerilmektedir.Yayın Dynamics of digital transformation process for businesses(International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2022-09) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Örendil, EmreThis study intends to review on the dynamics of digital transformation processes and its expected outcomes for the businesses. This investigation covers the questions of what digital transformation means for businesses, how digital transformation process is applied for businesses, why digital transformation fails in businesses and how digital transformation can benefit businesses. The digital transformation is defined by Google Trends as the set of changes in an organisation triggered and shaped by proliferation of digital technologies. It is widely accepted that higher levels of digitalization observed in all types of business estimated shorter time for recovery. With a successful digital transformation, any business may become a totally different organization in terms of products, processes, technology and employees.Yayın Dış ticaret işlemlerinin muhasebeleştirilmesi: TMS-2 stoklar, TMS-21 kur değişiminin etkileri standartları ve VUK ile karşılaştırılması(PressAcademia, 2020-07-30) Yılmaz, Emine; Teker, SuatAmaç- Mal, hizmet ve sermaye hareketlerinin ulusal sınırları aşmasıyla birlikte uluslararası ticaret işlemlerine taraf olan işletmeler; anlaşılır, karşılaştırılabilir ve gerçeğe uygun raporlama yapılabilmesi için muhasebe ve finans alanında ortak bir dile ihtiya ç duymuşlardır. Bu nedenle farklı finansal bilgi okuyucularının aynı sonuca varabilmeleri için mali tabloların uluslararası genel kabul görmüş muhasebe standartlarına göre raporlanması gerekmektedir. Raporlama dönemi sonunda ödenecek verginin, vergi kanunlarına göre hesaplanması gerekmekte fakat buna göre oluşturulan muhasebe kayıtları, standartlar ile örtüşmemektedir. Uygulama farklılıkları ve sonuçları bu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Yöntem- Bir dış ticaret işletmesinin ithal ettiği mallar ile ilgili muhasebe kayıtları incelenmiştir. Bulgular- Yabancı para cinsinden gerçekleştirilen dış ticaret işlemlerinin, işlem tarihi ile ödeme tarihinin farklı olması halinde, işletmenin lehine ya da aleyhine kur farkları oluşmaktadır. Sonuç- Kur farklarının muhasebeleştirilmesinde uygulanan kurallar, dönem sonunda stokların değerini, dönem kârını ve ödenecek vergi tutarını değiştirmiştir.
