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Yayın Inequality of income distribution: a comparative analysis for developed and developing economies(IJOPEC, 2024-11) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Güzelsoy, Halit; Şimşek, Sidar Atalay; Puwanendram, Gayathri; Şiriner, İsmailThis study examines the changes in income distribution across selected countries from 2015 to 2022, with a focus on the significant impact of the Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021) on global income distribution. The data used in this analysis was sourced from the World Inequality Database, specifically looking at household income adjusted for after-tax earnings. Each household's income was allocated among adults aged 20 and older. The data were organized into ten income groups, creating ten distinct income levels for comparison. The study includes ten countries comprising five developed countries, namely; France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, and the United Kingdom and five developing countries, namely; Czechia, Hungary, Romania, Greece and Turkiye. The analysis spans the eight-year period from 2015 to 2022. All countries implemented various social programs to support those people most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Developed countries generally succeeded in protecting and restoring their pre-pandemic income distribution. In contrast, developing countries faced challenges with their social programs. Although the developing countries were successful in increasing their overall national income, they struggled to restore their pre-pandemic income distribution. An income transfer occurred from the bottom 20% and the middle 60% to the top 20% in these developing nations. By 2022, the average income per capita for the bottom 10% in developing countries was $9,500 while the top 10% was $141,000 resulting in a 14.8-fold difference. In developed countries, these figures were $25,700 for the bottom 10% and $160,400 for the top 10%, yielding a 6.2-fold difference.Yayın Development of e-commerce in Turkiye: post COVID-19 era(IJOPEC, 2024-11) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Orman, Irmak; Şimşek, Sidar Atalay; Puwanendram, Gayathri; Şiriner, İsmailThe COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed a significant transformation in consumer behavior, accelerating the adoption of e-commerce worldwide. This study focuses on the development and growth of e-commerce in Türkiye during the post-COVID-19 era, examining the sector's expansion from 2020 onwards. Key factors contributing to this growth include increased internet and smartphone penetration, advancements in digital payment systems, and heightened consumer reliance on online shopping duringlockdowns. The analysis highlights how these shifts have not only enhanced domestic retail e-commerce but also positioned Türkiye as a rapidly growing e-commerce market globally, with a projected compound annual growth rate of 11.6% between 2024 and 2029. Additionally, the article explores opportunities for Turkish businesses to leverage cross-border e-commerce for international market expansion, emphasizing the strategic role of digitalization, logistics improvements, and government incentives. By presenting key data and trends, the study underscores Türkiye’s potential to strengthen its presence in global trade through e-commerce, driving economic growth and fostering innovation in its digital economy.Yayın Performance of airlines: a comparative analysis for the COVID-19 era(IGI Global, 2022-04) Teker, Dilek; Teker, Suat; Kurnaz, Salim; Argın, EmrahThis chapter investigates the financial performance of airline companies and proposes a harmonic index to state a performance ranking for the COVID-19 era covering the years 2018, 2019, and 2020. All data required for this study were obtained from the Thomson-Reuters database. A total number of 111 airlines are reached and listed by total assets. The 20 biggest airlines by total assets in 2020 are chosen for this study. A harmonic index is constructed by using performance indicators for profitability, liquidity, and efficiency. Then, the biggest 20 airlines are ranked by the harmonic index values for the COVID-19 era. The results revealed that North America and European-based airlines performed very badly in 2020 compared to pre-COVID years while Far East-based airlines were able to manage the pandemic year much better.
