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    Internationalisation of R&D into Emerging Markets: Fiat's R&D in Brazil, Turkey and India
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2014-02) Athreye, Suma; Tuncay Çelikel, Aslı; Ujjual, Vandana
    The idea that competence-creating subsidiaries from emerging nations can contribute to and possibly renew sources of competitive advantage is an appealing one for managerial practice and policy. Many mature MNEs can look to exploit the technological and market capabilities of their more capable subsidiaries in order to tap into new sources of growth. Based on a case study of Fiat and three of its emerging market R&D subsidiaries, we show that successfully developing competence-creating subsidiaries is a difficult task. Not only do parent and subsidiary managements have different ideas of what is involved, but subsidiary technological capability and local resources do not fully explain new technology creation mandates. The success of overall product market strategies and the mode of entry also exercise important effects. Furthermore, in our case study we find that internal embeddedness is more crucial than external embeddedness in distinguishing a successful new technology creation mandate.
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    The electric car revolution capabilities of the multinational car manufacturers and the important role of the governments
    (RADMA, 2011-06-30) Tuncay Çelikel, Aslı; Tunzelmann, Nick von
    Nowadays multinational car manufacturers’ main concern is to develop fuel-efficient cars with fewer emissions. Recently some automotive manufacturers have already developed hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). Some governments are providing incentives to R&D projects for electric cars and EV charging points/filling stations. For all these efforts, there have been very little to show for the outcomes as far as electric vehicles are concerned over the past century during which they have been under development. Why is the case? The fault is usually attributed to failings on the supply side, namely weaknesses of technological ‘stretch-out’ especially in regard to the batteries. We look in turn at supply capabilities, production capabilities and consumer capabilities, to reassess the dynamic capabilities associated with their interaction; to find that it is a combination of all three that best explains the long delay associated with the introduction of this technology and complex product system.