Exploring two decades of change in Turkish apiculture through spatiotemporal data analysis

This study examines the apiculture sector in Türkiye between 2004 and 2024 using data from the Turkish Statistical Institute, focusing on temporal, spatial, and relational dimensions. Time-series analyses, spatial visualizations, productivity comparisons, and correlation assessments were applied to reveal the structural transformation of the sector. The findings indicate a steady increase in modern hive numbers alongside a gradual decline in traditional hives. While overall honey production has grown, per-hive productivity has not improved significantly, suggesting that modernization alone is insufficient. Spatial analyses revealed that provinces such as Ordu, Muğla, and Adana remain dominant in production, yet substantial regional inequalities persist. Comparative and relational analyses highlighted a strong positive relationship between modern hive adoption and honey output, whereas traditional hives contributed little. The study concludes that Turkish apiculture is undergoing a modernization-driven transformation of hive structures and production practices, but efficiency stagnation and regional disparities necessitate complementary policies and practices to ensure sustainable development.